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We study how endocrine mechanisms evolved to facilitate species-typical social behavior. In wild bonobos, we study how cortisol and oxytocin respond to social interactions to better understand the functions of these hormones and the evolution of relatively tolerant societies. We also investigate species differences in sociality among hamadryas and anubis baboons by comparing oxytocin and vasopressin levels in various fluids, as well as the distribution of their receptors in the brain. Previous work has included intergroup conflict among redtail monkeys and hunting in humans, adn future work will focus on the natural history of oxytocin in humans.